ABSTRACT Parkia platycephala, known commonly as faveira, is a native species that occurs widely throughout Brazil and has high nutritional value and ecological potential. The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic variability in a P. platycephala provenance and progeny test. The test was established using a randomized block design, with 45 progenies from three provenances. The evaluated quantitative traits included height (HEI), diameter at ground level (DGL), and diameter below the first bifurcation (DFB). The data were submitted to Restricted Maximum Likelihood/Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (REML/BLUP) analysis, from which estimates of genetic parameters, genetic correlations, BLUPs, genetic gains, and effective population size were obtained. Estimates of individual narrow sense heritability ( h a 2) and within progeny heritability ( h w 2) ranged from low to moderate (0.01 a 0.39), with the highest values observed for DGL (0.32 and 0.39, respectively). The coefficient of individual variation (CVgi(%)) and between progeny genetic variation (CVgp(%)) indicate the existence of genetic variability between and within provenances. The FSTvalues demonstrate low to moderate genetic differentiation among the three populations, and genetic correlations between traits were all positive and significant. The results obtained show that there is genetic variability between the studied provenances and progenies. This ensures not only the ex situ conservation of the species, but it can also be exploited in breeding programs.

RESUMO Parkia platycephala, popularmente conhecida como faveira, é uma espécie nativa que ocorre amplamente em todo o Brasil e possui alto valor nutricional e potencial ecológico. Objetivou-se com o trabalho estimar a variabilidade genética em teste de procedências e progênies de P. platycephala. O teste foi instalado em blocos casualizados, com 45 progênies de três procedências. Os caracteres quantitativos avaliados foram: altura (ALT), diâmetro a nível do solo (DNS) e diâmetro a altura da primeira bifurcação (DAB) das plantas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de REML/BLUP, a partir da qual foram obtidas as estimativas de parâmetros genéticos, correlações genéticas, os BLUP’s, ganhos genéticos e tamanho efetivo populacional. As estimativas de herdabilidade individual no sentido restrito ( h a 2) e dentro progênies ( h w 2) variaram de baixa a moderada (0,01 a 0,39), sendo os maiores valores observados para o caractere DNS (0,32 e 0,39, respectivamente). Os valores de coeficiente de variação genética individual CVgi(%)) e entre progênies (CVgp(%)) indicam existência de variabilidade genética entre e dentro de população. Os valores de FSTdemonstraram baixa a moderada diferenciação genética entre as três populações. As correlações genéticas entre os caracteres foram todas positivas e significativas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que há variabilidade genética entre as procedências e progênies estudadas. Isso garante não só a conservação ex situ da espécie, como também pode ser explorada em programas de melhoramento

Abstract Tree breeders use traits of economic interest as productivity, stem form and wood quality, to select individuals for advanced generations. We determined the genetic control of growth volume, tree height and diameter, stem form and wood resistance, and calculated a selection index for Pinus maximinoi and P. tecunumanii, selected individuals were used to establish a seedling seed orchard (SSO). The largest genetic gain obtained in SSO for P. maximinoi was 21.48% for volume, while for P. tecunumanii it was 21.87% for stem form. There is enough genetic variability for genetic gain in future generations in tests of P. maximinoi and P. tecunumanii progenies. The selection index provided satisfactory total genetic gains for several traits, being more recommended than the BLUP method in order to support the selection and ranking of superior genetic materials in the progeny tests with greater probability of retaining favorable alleles over generations.

ABSTRACT Background: Curitiba prismatica (D.Legrand) Salywon & Landrum belongs to the Myrtaceae family and it is popularly known as murta. Endemic to the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest of south Brazil, is predominant in Faxinal System, which is a traditional agricultural system in the State of Paraná. This species also has several uses and potentials, such as wood for fence posts and essential oils with pharmacological properties. For this reason, this study aimed to select molecular markers and assess whether the Faxinal System contributes to the maintenance of the genetic diversity of the species, helping in its management and conservation. As such, 120 adult reproductive individuals were sampled, 60 in two areas managed in the Faxinal System, and 60 in two conservation areas. Results: Initially, 30 ISSR markers were selected, but only eight showed considerable variability, resulting in 68 polymorphic loci. The results show that the average diversity within populations is 80.54%. The Shannon (I) and Nei’s (He) diversity indices were 0.53 and 0.36, respectively. According to Nei’s genetic identity, the populations form two groups. With the analysis of the genetic structure of the populations, which indicated the existence of two distinct genetic groups (K = 2). Conclusion: Thus, the populations in the Faxinal System had higher rates of genetic diversity, despite constant human activity within the system. Therefore, the Faxinal System contributes to the conservation of C. prismatica genetic diversity; however, considering the economic potential of the species and to minimize impacts on the existing fragments, there is a need to work with the local population to ensure sustainable forest management of the species.

Abstract The objective of this study was to establish classification ranges for genetic and additive genetic coefficients of variation, as well as for broad and narrow sense heritability, as a function of growth and wood quality traits for Eucalyptus spp. We conducted statistical analyses to determine differences in this classification the types of coefficients used. The selected studies that met the inclusion criteria, 58 presented genetic variation coefficients (448 data points) and 53 presented heritability coefficients (423 data points). To descriptive statistics and the Shapiro-Wilk test, we confirmed that it was necessary to separate coefficients and traits into groups. Inconsistencies for growth traits were observed, confirming the influence of experimental error, indirect estimation methods, and environmental effects on coefficient estimates. We recommend the use of the classification tables included in this literature review to interpret results in studies so as to standardize the classification of coefficients of genetic variation and heritability.

This study aimed to verify the genetic variability of matrix trees of Caryocar brasiliense, best known by the popular name of “pequi”, in a completely random delineation, with 20 treatments (matrices), and 50 repetitions (collected fruits in each matrix). We have evaluated the following traits of each fruit: weight (g), diameter (cm), length (cm), width (cm), and thickness (cm). As results we obtained a coefficient of experimental variation (CV e (%)) that showed advantageous values of 2.82 to 7.80, and the genotype heritability (h2 g (%)) of 55 to 95; both results can indicate favorable genetic control in the traits of the fruit. At the same time certain traits have significant genotypic and phenotypic correlations, which can be understood as an advantage for the improvement of the specie. In conclusion, we have noted that the population of Caryocar brasiliense has a high genetic variation, these results support the planning for genetic improvement programs.

ABSTRACT Background: Eucalyptus dorrigoensis withstands cold weather and the occurrence of frost, making it a potential species for improvement programs in Southern Brazil where such conditions occur. However, the use of the species is still uncommon and its genetic variability remains poorly understood.d. Results: For site called Sertão Santana, the narrow sense heritability ranged from 0.46 (H) to 0.64 (MAI) and for Lavras do Sul it ranged from 0.38 (H) to 0.47 (MAI). The coefficient of genetic variation varied from 8.1% (H) to 26.1% (MAI). There is significant genetic correlation between DBH and MAI, reaching a value of 0.97. The GxE interaction was significant and mostly complex (78.7%). The best genetic materials for each environment, along with the most stable genetic materials, were identified. In addition, a thinning simulation was performed and the genetic gains for Sertão Santana and Lavras do Sul were 12.62 and 7.43%, respectively. Conclusion: The studied populations have genetic variability that can be used in breeding programs by selecting among progenies and individuals within progenies. The GxE interaction is complex, and as such, the best genetic material should be selected independently for each site. The results of this study have practical implications for the companies and offer advances in knowledge of the species for breeding programs.

ABSTRACT A suitable experimental design should control the environmental effect and be capable of discriminating genotypes. Two clonal tests of Eucalyptus were planted side by side in a randomized block design with the same 32 treatments under two different plot designs. The first trial was designed with five plants per plot (linear plot, LP) and six block replicates at a spacing of 3 x 2 m. The second trial was designed with one plant per plot (single-tree plot, STP) and 30 block replicates also at a spacing of 3 x 2 m. Diameter at breast height (dbh), height (h), and individual volume (vol) were measured at five years of age. The STP design presented broad-sense heritabilities values of 0.23 for h and 0.41 for vol, which were higher than those found for the LP design (0.12 for h and 0.22 for vol). The ratio between the standard error and the estimated genotypic variance ( S g ^ ) was lower for the three evaluated traits in the STP trial. The correlations between the genetic values were positive and of high magnitude, ranging from 0.87 (h) to 0.91 (vol), but there were many differences between the two designs with regard to the ranking of clones. The STP presented better discriminant power according to the biplot analysis, as well as more accurate and reliable estimates.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to use quantitative traits to estimate the genetic distance among E. pellita provenances and progenies, to inform possible hybridization strategies in a species improvement program. A provenance and progeny test with 118 progenies from seven provenances was evaluated. The following quantitative traits were measured at seven years of age: diameter at breast height (DBH); height; and individual volume. The data were submitted to REML/BLUP analysis to obtain the predicted genetic value (BLUP). From this, the Mahalanobis (D²) genetic distance was estimated for provenances and progenies, which were then grouped by Tocher’s method, the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA), and principal component analysis (PCA). In total, 29 divergent groups were obtained among progenies based on Tocher’s method, which showed greater reliability according to the cophenetic correlation coefficient than UPGMA. The opposite was found between provenances, where the results for UPGMA demonstrated greater clustering reliability. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), the M. Ray and Tully provenances were the most similar, while Connl. A and Orchard were the most divergent. Height was the most important trait in estimating genetic distance. The results obtained offer important insights for breeding programs; with this information, crosses can be designed between contrasting individuals among and within provenances to obtain E. pellita hybrids, validating the possible heterotic groups identified through the genetic distance and grouping methods.

Resumo Uma das principais pragas dos plantios florestais de Pinus spp. é Sirex noctilio (Fabricius), conhecida popularmente como vespa-da-madeira. Este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um modelo matemático para estimar o número de árvores atacadas por Sirex noctilio em povoamentos de Pinus taeda L. baseado nos métodos de monitoramento e nas características dendrométricas do reflorestamento. Selecionaram-se, para a coleta de dados, cinco áreas localizadas no município de Palmas - PR. Foram utilizadas como variáveis independentes do modelo a serem selecionadas pelo método Stepwise a amostragem sequencial, número de indivíduos da parcela, árvores-armadilha, diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) médio, altura média, volume médio individual, volume da parcela, idade, espaçamento, sítio, área basal da parcela, área transversal média, diâmetro médio quadrático e o DAP estratificado em três classes de diâmetro. A maior influência sobre a estimativa de ataque (Y) foi exercida pelas variáveis número de árvores atacadas detectadas na amostragem sequencial (AS) (p-valor < 0,001) e o número de indivíduos da parcela (n) (p-valor < 0,05). O modelo mais adequado para a obtenção da variável resposta foi δ = β0 + β1AS+β2n + ε, o qual apresentou coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R2adj) de 0,965 e erro padrão de estimativa (Syx%) de 18,65% obtendo o melhor desempenho na análise gráfica dos resíduos. O modelo pode ser utilizado pelos gestores florestais como uma ferramenta na tomada de decisões quanto ao manejo do povoamento.

Abstract One of the main pests of Pinus spp forest plantations is Sirex noctilio (Fabricius), popularly known as the woodwasp. This work aims to develop a mathematical model to estimate the number of trees attacked by Sirex noctilio in Pinus taeda L. stands based on the monitoring methods and the dendrometric characteristics of the reforestation itself. For the data collection, five areas were located in the city of Palmas, Paraná state. Sequential sampling, number of plot individuals, trap trees, mean breast height diameter (DBH), mean height, individual mean volume, plot volume, age, spacing, site, plot basal area, mean transverse area, diameter quadratic mean and DBH stratified into three diameter classes were used as model independent variables to be selected by the Stepwise method. The greatest influence on the attack estimate (Y) was exerted by the variables number of attacked trees detected in the sequential sampling (AS) (p-value <0.001) and number of individuals in the plot (n) (p-value <0, 05). The most appropriate model for obtaining the response variable was δ = β0 + β1AS + β2n + ε, which presented an adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj) of 0.965, a standard error of estimation (Syx%) of 18.65% and better performance in the graphical analysis of waste. It is also noteworthy that the model can be used by forest managers as a tool in decision-making regarding to the stand management.

RESUMO Apoharknessia eucalyptorum foi inicialmente descrita em 2017 e identificada em folhas de Eucalyptus dunnii no Sul do Brasil. No entanto, faltam informações sobre o cultivo in-vitro para estudos complementares. No presente estudo folhas de E. dunnii foram inoculadas para demonstrar a patogenicidade de A. eucalyptorum, e o crescimento e esporulação foram avaliados em temperaturas de 15, 20 e 25°C em quatro meios de cultura: extrato de malte-ágar (MEA), batata dextrose-ágar (PDA), suco V8-ágar (V8) e feijão dextrose-ágar (BEAN), sob luz constante. Apoharknessia eucalyptorum causou manchas foliares nas folhas inoculadas. As melhores condições para o crescimento micelial foram em 25°C em PDA, BEAN e MEA. Para a esporulação as melhores condições foram a 25°C em todos os meios testados, e também a 20°C em PDA e BEAN. As características das colônias mudaram com as temperaturas, em 15°C as colônias formaram micélio cotonoso, enquanto que em 25°C o micélio cresceu espalhado pelo meio de cultura formando margens escuras limitadas por micélio branco manchado e conídios. As condições indicadas para o crescimento e esporulação in-vitro de A. eucalyptorum são os meios MEA, PDA e BEAN em 25°C.

ABSTRACT Apoharknessia eucalyptorum was first described in 2017 and identified on leaves of Eucalyptus dunnii in Southern Brazil. However, information about in vitro cultivation for complementary studies is lacking. In the present study, leaves of E. dunnii were inoculated to demonstrate the pathogenicity of A. eucalyptorum, and growth and sporulation were evaluated at temperatures of 15, 20, and 25°C on four culture media: malt extract agar (MEA); potato dextrose agar (PDA); V8 juice agar (V8); and bean dextrose agar (BEAN), under constant lighting. Apoharknessia eucalyptorum caused leaf blight on the inoculated leaves. The best conditions for mycelial growth were at 25°C on PDA, BEAN and MEA. Considering sporulation, optimal conditions were 25°C for all tested media and 20°C for PDA and BEAN. Colony characteristics changed with temperature; at 15°C colonies formed a fluffy mycelium, whereas at 25°C mycelium spread across the medium forming dark margins lined by dirty-white mycelium and conidia. The conditions indicated for in vitro growth and sporulation of A. eucalyptorum are the culture media MEA, PDA and BEAN at 25°C

Abstract In this study, we quantify and document the distribution and organization of cpSSRs in the chloroplast genome of 31 Eucalyptus species. Our sample included all previously sequenced plastomes of Eucalyptus species available from the NCBI online database. We processed the complete cpDNA sequences and identified mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexanucleotide cpSSRs, with the majority of cpSSRs classified as mononucleotide. After genome microsatellite selection, we evaluated the microsatellites for coding and non-coding regions and cpSSRs were predominantly identified in non-coding regions of cpDNA for all nucleotide types. Penta- and hexanucleotide cpSSRs were the least frequent types of microsatellites. We also developed and virtually amplified 60 primers pairs that can be used in studies of Eucalyptus species. Thus, these cpSSR regions can be used in studies assessing the ecology, breeding, and conservation of the genus.

RESUMO. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de avaliar a diversidade genética entre plantas nativas e indivíduos de genealogia desconhecida de C. walkeriana, bem como C. loddigesii e C. nobilior, e também avançar na solução do dilema da origem do clone “Orchidglade” de C. walkeriana. Oito locos microssatélites foram utilizados para avaliar a diversidade genética entre indivíduos de C. walkeriana. Os marcadores microssatélites não foram eficientes na determinação da diversidade genética entre os grupos C. walkeriana (nativas e melhoradas). A dificuldade em determinar a distância genética entre os genótipos diferentes pode ser devida a um sistema complexo de reprodução das espécies e devido a uma fraca barreira reprodutiva facilitando o desenvolvimento de híbridos. Nossa análise revelou menores distâncias genéticas entre os clones Orchidglade, “Equilab”, “Kenny” e “Pedentive” e as espécies C. loddigesii e C. nobilior. As C. walkeriana nativas se mostraram geneticamente mais distantes das espécies de C. loddigesii e C. nobilior.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity among native plants and some individuals obtained from crosses with unknown genealogy of C. walkeriana as well as C. loddigesii and C. nobilior and to advance towards solving the question of the genetic purity of the “Orchidglade” clone. Eight microsatellite loci were used to evaluate the genetic diversity between individuals of C. walkeriana. Microsatellites were not efficient in determining the genetic diversity between C. walkeriana groups (native and improved). The difficulty in determining the genetic distance between the different genotypes can be attributed to the complex mating system of the species and to a weak genetic barrier that facilitates the development of hybrids. Our analysis revealed smaller genetic distances between the “Orchidglade”, “Equilab”, “Kenny” and “Pedentive” clones and the species C. loddigesii and C. nobilior. Native C. walkeriana plants were genetically more distant from the C. loddigesii and C. nobilior species.

Abstract Studies of genetic diversity and structure are key elements in designing effective in situ and ex situ management plans, especially for species experiencing forest fragmentation. To investigate the level of genetic diversity in populations of Trichocentrum pumilum, eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed and used for genotyping 96 specimens from four disturbed populations. Low genetic diversity within populations was found (average number of alleles per locus ranging from 3.75 to 4.25, observed and expected heterozygosities from 0.238 to 0.333 and from 0.450 to 0.482, respectively). The fixation index () ranged from 0.35 to 0.47, with significant values for all populations. No genotypic disequilibrium was detected. A mixed breeding system was found through an apparent outcrossing rate estimate. Our results suggest that these microsatellite loci are suitable for genetic studies of this species, showing low within population genetic diversity and moderate structure for T. pumilum populations.

Avaliou-se a variabilidade genética em progênies de Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden para resistência à ferrugem (Puccinia psidii). Experimentos de campo foram instalados em duas regiões edafoclimáticas.Progênies de polinização aberta foram estabelecidas em um delineamento emblocos casualizados. Em condições de campo foram avaliadas 60 e 48 progênies emdois locais, com seis repetições e oito plantas por parcela. Instalou-se tambémum experimento em ambiente controlado, com 53 progênies, em blocoscasualizados, com seis repetições e nove plantas por parcela. Foram avaliadas altura da planta e a severidade de ataque que determinam a fase mais suscetível à doença foliar. A população de E. dunnii estudada apresentou altavariabilidade genética para resistência à ferrugem, com coeficiente de variaçãogenética de 36, 07% e 70% das progênies avaliadas foram imunes a ferrugem. Istoindica alto potencial para seleção e melhoramento da espécie.

This study investigated the genetic variability in progenies of Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden for resistance against rust (Puccinia psidii). Field experiments were installed in two regions with differentsoil-climatic conditions. Open-pollinated progenies were established in arandomized complete block design. Sixty and 48 progenies were evaluated underfield conditions at two sites, respectively, with six replications and eight trees per plot. In another experiment in a controlled environment, 53 progenies were evaluated in randomized blocks with six replications and nine plants perplot. The following traits were evaluated: plant height, severity of pestattack and the most susceptible stage to the leaf disease. The genetic variability for rust resistance in the E. dunnii population under studywas high, with a genetic coefficient of variation of 36.07%; 7% of thee valuated progenies were rust-resistant. It indicates a high potential for selection and breeding of the species.

O Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Barret & Golfari tem elevada importância como espécie comercialmente plantada; aproximadamente 1,8 milhões de hectares estão ocupados por plantios desta espécie no Brasil. O trabalho teve como objetivo verificar por meio de marcadores microssatélites a variabilidade genética em Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, bem como sua manutenção durante o processo de melhoramento genético, dentro de uma população- base de melhoramento, uma população de matrizes selecionadas e uma população melhorada F1. Para a realização das análises foi necessária a transferência de primers desenvolvidos para locos microssatélites de outras espécies do gênero. Dos 20 pares de primers testados, 8 foram transferidos para a espécie (RPS 25b, RPS 150, PSM 2, PR 4.6, PtTX 2037, PtTX 3029, RPTest 01 e RPTest 09). Verificou-se a existência de endogamia entre e dentro das populações estudadas, e o maior valor observado entre as populações foi F ST = 0,0213 (população base e F1). A heterozigosidade média observada e a heterozigosidade esperada na população-base foram, respectivamente, H0 = 0,2469 e He = 0,2489. A maior distância genética (D = 0,0119) foi observada entre as populações-base e a população melhorada F1. Através da distância genética entre as matrizes, foram indicados 10 cruzamentos potenciais entre as matrizes mais contrastantes, almejando a obtenção de vigor de híbrido nas progênies obtidas a partir destes cruzamentos.

The Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Barret & Golfari is highly important as a cultivated species for wooden production and approximately 1.8 million hectare are planted with the species, in Brazil. This research has aimed to verify through SSR markers the genetic variability in Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, as well as its maintenance during genetic improvement, into the base population for breeding, a population of elite trees and an F1 hybrid population. For this study we have transferred primers of SSR loci developed for other Pinus species. Eight out of 20 tested primers have been successfully transferred to the P. caribaea (RPS 25b, RPS 150, PSM 2, PR 4.6, PtTX 2037, PtTX 3029, RPTest 01, and RPTest 09). Inbreeding was verified within and between populations, and the highest observed value between populations was F ST = 0.0213. The observed heterozigosity (Ho) and the expected heterozigosity (He) means were, respectively, 0.2469 and 0.2489. The highest genetic distance (D = 0.0119) was observed between the base populations and the F1 improved population. Based on genetic distance values obtained for elite trees, 10 potential crossings between contrasting elite trees have been indicated, aiming to reach the hybrid vigor between progenies from those crossings.